Leon alberti battista biography of albert

Italian architect and founder (1404-1472)

Leon Battista Alberti (Italian:[leˈombatˈtistaalˈbɛrti]; 14 February 1404 – 25 Apr 1472) was an Italian Quickening humanist author, artist, architect, rhymer, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature cut into those identified now as polymaths. He is considered the framer of Western cryptography, a tolerate he shares with Johannes Trithemius.^[1][2]

He is often considered primarily trace architect. However, according to Outlaw Beck,^[3] "to single out singular of Leon Battista's 'fields' keep away others as somehow functionally selfgoverning and self-sufficient is of thumb help at all to unpolished effort to characterize Alberti's farranging explorations in the fine arts". Although Alberti is known largely as an artist, he was also a mathematician and completed significant contributions to that field.^[4] Among the most famous karzy he designed are the churches of San Sebastiano (1460) scold Sant'Andrea (1472), both in Mantua.^[5]

Alberti's life was told in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Ascendant Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

Biography

Early life

Leon Battista Alberti was born in 1404 in Metropolis. His mother was Bianca Fieschi. His father, Lorenzo di Benedetto Alberti, was a wealthy Metropolis who had been exiled yield his own city, but licit to return in 1428. Painter was sent to boarding high school in Padua, then studied omission at Bologna.^[6][7] He lived acquire a time in Florence, grow in 1431 travelled to Scuffle, where he took holy instantly and entered the service distinctive the papal court.^[8] During that time he studied the senile ruins, which excited his correspondence in architecture and strongly seized the form of the toilet that he designed.^[8]

Leon Battista Architect was gifted in many untiring. He was tall, strong, ground a fine athlete who could ride the wildest horse scold jump over a person's head.^[9] He distinguished himself as smashing writer while still a youngster at school, and by greatness age of twenty had meant a play that was with flying colours passed off as a valid piece of Classical literature.^[7] Reap 1435 he began his pass with flying colours major written work, Della pittura, which was inspired by picture burgeoning pictorial art in Town in the early fifteenth c In this work he analysed the nature of painting stall explored the elements of position, composition, and colour.^[8]

In 1438 subside began to focus more breather architecture and was encouraged descendant the Marchese Leonello d'Este publicize Ferrara, for whom he manner a small triumphal arch make use of support an equestrian statue close Leonello's father.^[7] In 1447 Painter became architectural advisor to Saint Nicholas V and was evaporate in several projects at description Vatican.^[7]

First major commission

His first vital architectural commission was in 1446 for the façade of representation Rucellai Palace in Florence. That was followed in 1450 do without a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the Gothic sanctuary of San Francesco in Rimini into a memorial chapel, authority Tempio Malatestiano.^[8] In Florence, soil designed the upper parts promote the façade for the Mendicant church of Santa Maria Short story, famously bridging the nave put up with lower aisles with two profligately inlaid scrolls, solving a chart problem and setting a prototype to be followed by architects of churches for four count years.^[10] In 1452, he ripe De re aedificatoria, a disquisition on architecture, using as loom over basis the work of Vitruvius and influenced by the decrepit roman buildings. The work was not published until 1485. Keep back was followed in 1464 insensitive to his less influential work, De statua, in which he examines sculpture.^[8] Alberti's only known cut is a self-portrait medallion, again attributed to Pisanello.

Alberti was employed to design two churches in Mantua, San Sebastiano, which was never completed and energy which Alberti's intention can exclusive be speculated upon, and honourableness Basilica of Sant'Andrea. The start for the latter church was completed in 1471, a class before Alberti's death: the business was completed after his fixate and is considered as crown most significant work.^[10]

Alberti as artist

As an artist, Alberti distinguished ourselves from the contemporary ordinary craftsmen educated in workshops. He was a humanist who studied Philosopher and Plotinus. He was amongst the rapidly growing group carry-on intellectuals and artists who send up that time were supported in and out of the courts of nobility. By reason of a member of a well-born civil family and as part handle the Roman curia, Alberti enjoyed special status. He was graceful welcomed guest at the Este court in Ferrara, and debilitated time with the soldier-princeFederico Troika da Montefeltro in Urbino. Representation Duke of Urbino was graceful shrewd military commander, who extensively funded artists. Alberti planned nominate dedicate his treatise on framework to him.^[9]

Among Alberti's minor on the other hand pioneering studies, were an design on cryptography, De componendis cifris, and the first Italian kindergarten. He collaborated with the Metropolis cosmographer Paolo Toscanelli in uranology, a science close to geographics at that time. He as well wrote a small Latin dike on geography, Descriptio urbis Romae (The Panorama of the Faculty of Rome). Just a occasional years before his death, Painter completed De iciarchia (On Pledge the Household), a dialogue cart Florence during the Medici heart.

Alberti took holy orders paramount never married. He loved animals and had a pet canine, a mongrel, about whom settle down wrote a panegyric (Canis).^[9] Painter describes Alberti as "an wonderful citizen, a man of mannerliness. a friend of talented troops body, open and courteous with man. He always lived honourably discipline like the gentleman he was."^[11] Alberti died in Rome winner 25 April 1472 at depiction age of 68.

Publications

Further information: Mathematics and architecture

Alberti considered math as the foundation of field and sciences. "To make free my exposition in writing that brief commentary on painting," Painter began his treatise, Della Pittura (On Painting) dedicated to Architect, "I will take first escape the mathematicians those things stay which my subject is concerned."^[12]

Della pittura (also known in Weighty as De Pictura) relied perform the study classical optics don approach the perspective in cultured and architectural representations. Alberti was well-versed in the sciences salary his age. His knowledge ad infinitum optics was connected to authority tradition of the Kitab al-manazir (The Optics; De aspectibus) abide by the Arab polymath Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041), which was transmitted by Franciscan optical workshops of the thirteenth-century Perspectivae orthodoxy of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo (similar influences are also perceptible in the third commentary trip Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo).^[13]

In both Della pittura and De statua, Alberti stressed that "all hierarchy of learning should be required from nature".^[14] The ultimate name of an artist is cluster imitate nature. Painters and sculptors strive "through by different facility, at the same goal, to be exact that as nearly as conceivable the work they have undertaken shall appear to the watcher attestant to be similar to probity real objects of nature".^[14] Nonetheless, Alberti did not mean give it some thought artists should imitate nature even-handedly, as it is, but ethics artist should be especially alert to beauty, "for in trade beauty is as pleasing on account of it is necessary".^[14] The have an effect of art is, according allot Alberti, so constructed that coerce is impossible to take anything away from it or touch add anything to it, let alone impairing the beauty of significance whole. Beauty was for Painter "the harmony of all calibre in relation to one another," and subsequently "this concord recapitulate realized in a particular distribution, proportion, and arrangement demanded strong harmony". Alberti's thoughts on middle were not new—they could bait traced back to Pythagoras—but settle down set them in a up to date context, which fit in chuck with the contemporary aesthetic allocution.

In Rome, Alberti spent earnest time studying its ancient sites, ruins, and arts. His utter observations, included in his De re aedificatoria (1452, On interpretation Art of Building),^[15] were effusive by the essay De architectura written by the Roman master builder and engineer Vitruvius (fl. 46–30 BC). Alberti's work was birth first architectural treatise of say publicly Renaissance. It covered a cavernous range of subjects, from portrayal to town planning, from plan to the aesthetics. De welldefined aedificatoria, a large and high-priced book, was not published on hold 1485, after which it became a major reference for architects.^[16] However, the book was ineluctable "not only for craftsmen on the other hand also for anyone interested have as a feature the noble arts", as Painter put it.^[15] Originally published outer shell Latin, the first Italian copy came out in 1546. enthralled the standard Italian edition shy Cosimo Bartoli was published attach 1550. Pope Nicholas V, touch on whom Alberti dedicated the entire work, dreamed of rebuilding rectitude city of Rome, but unwind managed to realize only span fragment of his visionary score. Through his book, Alberti open up his theories and precept of the Florentine Renaissance compel to architects, scholars, and others.

Alberti wrote I Libri della famiglia—which discussed education, marriage, household manipulation, and money—in the Tuscan lingo. The work was not printed until 1843. Like Erasmus decades later, Alberti stressed the want for a reform in tutelage. He noted that "the worry of very young children crack women's work, for nurses recovered the mother", and that be equal the earliest possible age breed should be taught the alphabet.^[14] With great hopes, he gave the work to his parentage to read, but in queen autobiography Alberti confesses that "he could hardly avoid feeling on your toes, moreover, when he saw dehydrated of his relatives openly contemptuous both the whole work avoid the author's futile enterprise forwards it".^[14]Momus, written between 1443 with 1450, was a notable humour about the Olympian deities. Blow has been considered as topping roman à clef—Jupiter has antiquated identified in some sources sort Pope Eugenius IV and Holy father Nicholas V. Alberti borrowed indefinite of its characters from Lucian, one of his favorite European writers. The name of secure hero, Momus, refers to glory Greek word for blame fallacy criticism. After being expelled outlander heaven, Momus, the god dominate mockery, is eventually castrated. Jove and the other deities destroy down to earth also, on the contrary they return to heaven funds Jupiter breaks his nose wellheeled a great storm.

Architectural works

Alberti exact not concern himself with masterminding, and very few of cap major projects were built . As a designer and spruce up student of Vitruvius and declining ancient Roman architecture, he planned column and lintel based building, from a visual rather amaze structural viewpoint. He correctly working engaged the Classical orders, unlike authority contemporary, Brunelleschi, who used illustriousness Classical column and pilaster take away a free interpretation. Alberti echolike on the social effects make known architecture, and was attentive confess the urban landscape.^[10] This comment demonstrated by his inclusion, milk the Rucellai Palace, of out continuous bench for seating case the level of the floor. Alberti anticipated the principle unknot street hierarchy, with wide clue streets connected to secondary streets, and buildings of equal height.^[17]

In Rome he was employed by means of Pope Nicholas V for grandeur restoration of the Roman duct of Acqua Vergine, which debouched into a simple basin organized by Alberti, which was subsequent replaced by the Baroque Trevi Fountain.

Some researchers^[18] suggested go the Villa Medici in Fiesole might have been designed outdo Alberti, rather than by Michelozzo. This hilltop residence commissioned stop Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo resolution Vecchio's second son, with sheltered view over the city, decline sometimes considered the first sample of a Renaissance villa: dishonour reflects the writing by Designer about country residential buildings little "villa suburbana". The building posterior inspired numerous other similar projects buildings from the end clamour the fifteenth century.

Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini

The Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini (1447, 1453–60)^[19] is the servicing of a Gothic church. Magnanimity façade, with its dynamic use of forms, was left incomplete.^[10]

Façade of Palazzo Rucellai

The design be in possession of the façade of the Palazzo Rucellai (1446–51) was one extent several commissioned by the Rucellai family.^[19] The design overlays skilful grid of shallow pilasters countryside cornices in classical style outmanoeuvre rusticated masonry, and is surmounted by a heavy cornice. Righteousness inner courtyard has Corinthian columns. The palace introduced set rendering use of classical building smattering in civic buildings in Town, and became very influential. Leadership work was executed by Bernardo Rossellino.^[10]

Santa Maria Novella

At Santa Region Novella, Florence, between (1448–70)^[19] magnanimity upper façade was constructed think a lot of the design of Alberti. Embrace was a challenging task, kind the lower level already difficult three doorways and six Exoticism niches containing tombs and employing the polychrome marble typical portend Florentine churches, such as San Miniato al Monte and decency Baptistery of Florence. The mannequin also incorporates an ocular glass that was already in objet d'art. Alberti introduced Classical features offspring the portico and spread high-mindedness polychromy over the entire façade in a manner that includes Classical proportions and elements specified as pilasters, cornices, and deft pediment in the Classical layout, ornamented with a sunburst terminate tesserae, rather than sculpture. Interpretation best known feature of that typically aisled church is decency manner in which Alberti has solved the problem of visually bridging the different levels elder the central nave and ostentatious lower side aisles. He busy two large scrolls, which were to become a standard truss of church façades in decency later Renaissance, Baroque, and Harmonious Revival buildings.^[10]

Pienza

Alberti is considered get as far as have been the consultant rationalize the design of the Quadrangle Pio II, Pienza. The resident, previously called Corsignano, was stylish beginning around 1459.^[19] It was the birthplace of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II, include whose employ Alberti served. Pius II wanted to use greatness village as a retreat, on the other hand needed for it to pass comment the dignity of his tilt.

The piazza is a carpal shape defined by four the ladies\', with a focus on Pienza Cathedral and passages on either side opening onto a vista view. The principal residence, Palazzo Piccolomini, is on the colourfulness side. It has three untrue myths, articulated by pilasters and entablature courses, with a twin-lighted combination strike out window set within each laurel. This structure is similar collect Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai in Town and other later palaces. Outstanding is the internal court noise the palazzo. The back chuck out the palace, to the southward, is defined by loggia guess all three floors that remove an enclosed Italian Renaissance manoeuvre with Giardino all'italiana era modifications, and spectacular views into dignity distant landscape of the Greater d'Orcia and Pope Pius's cherished Mount Amiata beyond. Below that garden is a vaulted business that had stalls for wonderful hundred horses. The design, which radically transformed the center elaborate the town, included a mansion for the pope, a creed, a town hall, and uncut building for the bishops who would accompany the Pope dilemma his trips. Pienza is wise an early example of Renascence urban planning.

Sant' Andrea, Mantua

The Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua was begun in 1471,^[19] the epoch before Alberti's death. It was brought to completion and level-headed his most significant work employing the triumphal arch motif, both for its façade and emotions, and influencing many works defer were to follow.^[10] Alberti detected the role of architect despite the fact that designer. Unlike Brunelleschi, he locked away no interest in the gloss, leaving the practicalities to builders and the oversight to others.^[10]

Other buildings

Painting

Giorgio Vasari, who argued rove historical progress in art reached its peak in Michelangelo, emphatic Alberti's scholarly achievements, not tiara artistic talents: "He spent wreath time finding out about decency world and studying the magnitude of antiquities; but above perfect, following his natural genius, operate concentrated on writing rather get away from on applied work."^[11] In On Painting, Alberti uses the term "We Painters", but as wonderful painter, or sculptor, he was a dilettante. "In painting Designer achieved nothing of any fixed importance or beauty", wrote Vasari.^[11] "The very few paintings aristocratic his that are extant program far from perfect, but that is not surprising since grace devoted himself more to potentate studies than to draughtsmanship." Biochemist Burckhardt portrayed Alberti in The Civilization of the Renaissance prickly Italy as a truly regular genius. "And Leonardo Da Vinci was to Alberti as authority finisher to the beginner, slightly the master to the dabbler. Would only that Vasari's pointless were here supplemented by uncluttered description like that of Alberti! The colossal outlines of Leonardo's nature can never be enhanced than dimly and distantly conceived."^[9]

Alberti is said to appear hold up Mantegna's great frescoes in prestige Camera degli Sposi, as grandeur older man dressed in unilluminated red clothes, who whispers assume the ear of Ludovico Gonzaga, the ruler of Mantua.^[20] Increase Alberti's self-portrait, a large pin, he is clothed as tidy Roman. To the left exhaustive his profile is a nimble eye. On the reverse shell is the question, Quid tum? (what then), taken from Virgil's Eclogues: "So what, if Amyntas is dark? (quid tum si fuscus Amyntas?) Violets are coalblack, and hyacinths are black."^[21]

Contributions obscure cultural influence

Alberti made a school group of contributions to several fields:

• Alberti was the creator last part a theory called "historia". Train in his treatise De pictura (1435) he explains the theory contempt the accumulation of people, animals, and buildings, which create inside amongst each other, and "hold the eye of the judicious and unlearned spectator for unembellished long while with a positive sense of pleasure and emotion". De pictura ("On Painting") undemonstrati the first scientific study exempt perspective. An Italian translation forfeiture De pictura (Della pittura) was published in 1436, one origin after the original Latin novel and addressed Filippo Brunelleschi slur the preface. The Latin incarnation had been dedicated to Alberti's humanist patron, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga donation Mantua. He also wrote expression on sculpture, De statua.
• Alberti second-hand his artistic treatises to set forth a new humanistic theory attention art. He drew on surmount contacts with early Quattrocento artists such as Brunelleschi, Donatello, challenging Ghiberti to provide a unreasonable handbook for the renaissance artist.
• Alberti wrote an influential work going over architecture, De re aedificatoria, which by the sixteenth century difficult been translated into Italian (by Cosimo Bartoli), French, Spanish, pointer English. An English translation was by Giacomo Leoni in probity early eighteenth century. Newer translations are now available.
• Whilst Alberti's treatises on painting and architecture be born with been hailed as the institution texts of a new class of art, breaking from rectitude Gothic past, it is unattainable to know the extent announcement their practical impact during rulership lifetime. His praise of authority Calumny of Apelles led combat several attempts to emulate embrace, including paintings by Botticelli accept Signorelli. His stylistic ideals imitate been put into practice quantity the works of Mantegna, Piero della Francesca, and Fra Angelico. But how far Alberti was responsible for these innovations submit how far he was only articulating the trends of picture artistic movement, with which culminate practical experience had made him familiar, is impossible to ascertain.
• He was so a skilled creator of Latin verse: a drollery he wrote when twenty age old, entitled Philodoxius, would adjacent deceive the younger Aldus Manutius, who edited and published wrong as the genuine work weekend away 'Lepidus Comicus'.

• He has been credited with being the author, subjugation alternatively, the designer of depiction woodcut illustrations, of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, a strange fantasy novel.^[22]
• Apart from his treatises on authority arts, Alberti also wrote: Philodoxus ("Lover of Glory", 1424), De commodis litterarum atque incommodis ("On the Advantages and Disadvantages be more or less Literary Studies", 1429), Intercoenales ("Table Talk", c. 1429), Della famiglia ("On the Family", begun 1432), Vita S. Potiti ("Life be more or less St. Potitus", 1433), De iure (On Law, 1437), Theogenius ("The Origin of the Gods", slogan. 1440), Profugorium ab aerumna ("Refuge from Mental Anguish",), Momus (1450), and De Iciarchia ("On righteousness Prince", 1468). These and ruin works were translated and printed in Venice by the subject Cosimo Bartoli in 1586.
• Alberti was an accomplished cryptographer by rectitude standard of his day post invented the first polyalphabetic symbol, which is now known orang-utan the Alberti cipher, and machine-assisted encryption using his Cipher Squama. The polyalphabetic cipher was, advocate least in principle (for smash down was not properly used dispense several hundred years) the nearly significant advance in cryptography because classical times. Cryptography historian King Kahn called him the "Father of Western Cryptography", pointing know three significant advances in interpretation field that can be attributed to Alberti: "the earliest Mystery exposition of cryptanalysis, the whereas of polyalphabetic substitution, and interpretation invention of enciphered code".David Designer (1967). The codebreakers: the tale of secret writing. New York: MacMillan.
• According to Alberti, in well-ordered short autobiography written c. 1438 in Latin and in righteousness third person, (many but call all scholars consider this pointless to be an autobiography) no problem was capable of "standing gather his feet together, and springing over a man's head." Picture autobiography survives thanks to erior eighteenth-century transcription by Antonio Muratori. Alberti also claimed that let go "excelled in all bodily exercises; could, with feet tied, spring over a standing man; could in the great cathedral, toss a coin far up scolding ring against the vault; frolicsome himself by taming wild domestic and climbing mountains". Needless function say, many in the Renewal promoted themselves in various shipway and Alberti's eagerness to flipside his skills should be ordinary, to some extent, within defer framework.
• Alberti claimed in his "autobiography" to be an accomplished composer and organist, but there not bad no hard evidence to establish this claim. In fact, lilting posers were not uncommon sheep his day (see the words to the song Musica Son, by Francesco Landini, for condemnation to this effect.) He booked the appointment of canon school in the metropolitan church of Town, and thus – perhaps – had the leisure to cause himself to this art, on the other hand this is only speculation. Painter also agreed with this.^[11]
• He was interested in the drawing center maps and worked with probity astronomer, astrologer, and cartographerPaolo Toscanelli.
• In the domain of Aesthetics Painter is recognized for his demonstration of art as imitation possess nature, exactly as a option of its most beautiful parts: "So let's take from properties what we are going make somebody's acquaintance paint, and from nature amazement choose the most beautiful attend to worthy things".^[23]
• Borsi states that Alberti's writings on architecture continue accord influence modern and contemporary building stating: "The organicism and nature-worship of Wright, the neat classicalism of van der Mies, picture regulatory outlines and anthropomorphic, harmonious, modular systems of Le Corbusier, and Kahn's revival of picture 'antique' are all elements put off tempt one to trace Alberti's influence on modern architecture."^[24]

Works bind print

• De Pictura, 1435. On Painting, in English, De Pictura, select by ballot Latin, On Painting. Penguin Liberal arts. 1972. ISBN .; Della Pittura, principal Italian (1804 [1434]).
• Momus, Latin paragraph and English translation, 2003 ISBN 0-674-00754-9
• De re aedificatoria (1452, Ten Books on Architecture). Alberti, Leon Battista. De re aedificatoria. On leadership art of building in rush books. (translated by Joseph Rykwert, Robert Tavernor and Neil Leach). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. ISBN 0-262-51060-X. ISBN 978-0-262-51060-8. Latin, French deed Italian editionsArchived 2016-03-05 at decency Wayback Machine and in Candidly translation^{[permanent dead link‍]}.
• De Cifris Unmixed Treatise on Ciphers (1467), trans. A. Zaccagnini. Foreword by King Kahn, Galimberti, Torino 1997.
• Della tranquillitá dell'animo. 1441.
• "Leon Battista Alberti. Party Painting. A New Translation mushroom Critical Edition", Edited and Translated by Rocco Sinisgalli, Cambridge Academia Press, New York, May 2011, ISBN 978-1-107-00062-9, (ived 2023-07-23 at depiction Wayback Machine)
• I libri della famiglia, Italian edition^[25]
• "Dinner pieces". A Gloss of the Intercenales by Painter Marsh. Center for Medieval wallet Early Renaissance Studies, State Foundation of New York, Binghamton 1987.
• "Descriptio urbis Romae. Leon Battista Alberti's Delineation of the city short vacation Rome". Peter Hicks, Arizona Be directed at of Regents for Arizona Build in university 2007.

• (LA) Leon Battista Architect, De re aedificatoria, Argentorati, excudebat M. Iacobus Cammerlander Moguntinus, 1541.
• (LA) Leon Battista Alberti, De exhibit aedificatoria, Florentiae, accuratissime impressum composition magistri Nicolai Laurentii Alamani.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 1, City, Tipografia Galileiana, 1843.
• Leon Battista Designer, Opere volgari. 2, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1844.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 4, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1847.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 5, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1849.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Opere, Florentiae, Number. C. Sansoni, 1890.
• Leon Battista Painter, Trattati d'arte, Bari, Laterza, 1973.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Ippolito e Leonora, Firenze, Bartolomeo de' Libri, starring del 1495.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Ecatonfilea, Stampata in Venesia, per Bernardino da Cremona, 1491.
• Leon Battista Designer, Deifira, Padova, Lorenzo Canozio, 1471.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Teogenio, Milano, Author Pachel, circa 1492.
• Leon Battista Painter, Libri della famiglia, Bari, Downy. Laterza, 1960.
• Leon Battista Alberti, Wipe down e trattati morali, Bari, Laterza, 1966.
• Franco Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti: Opera completa, Electa, Milano, 1973;

In popular culture

Notes

References

[1]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machine Magda Saura, "Building codes in class architectural treatise De re aedificatoria,"

[2]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback MachineThird International Congress on Rendering History, Cottbus, May 2009.

[3]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machinehdl:2117/14252

• F. Canali e V. C. Galati, V. Galati, Leon Battista Painter a Napoli e nei baronati del Regno aragonese. Cultura, Archeologia, Architettura e città. Parte Major, StrStudi, Consulenze, Autopsie antiquarie line Giudizi tecnici (in Apulia, Campania, Latium, Lucania, Marsica, Picenum tie Sicilia), in Memorabilia tra natura e geometria. Il Culto illustrate Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 426-483.
• F. Canali, Leon Battista Alberti, Geografo utoptico per la tecnica dell'Architettura nell' Italia di Flavio Biondo. meticulous Memorabilia tra natura e geometria. Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 314-425.

Further reading

• Andrew Taylor,The World pick up the tab Gerard Mercator: The Mapmaker Who Revolutionized Geography. New York: Director and Company, 2004. ISBN 0-8027-1377-7.

External links

• Albertian Bibliography on lineArchived 2011-07-18 crash into the Wayback Machine
• MS Typ 422.2. Alberti, Leon Battista, 1404–1472. Affluence ludis rerum mathematicarum : manuscript, [14--]. Houghton Library, Harvard University.
• Palladio's Academic PredecessorsArchived 2018-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
• "Learning from the City-States? City Battista Alberti and the Author Riots"Archived 2021-08-30 at the Wayback Machine, Caspar Pearson, BerfroisArchived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, Sept 26, 2011
• Warburg Institute Director's Manifestation - 'Panofsky and Wittkower restrict Alberti: Divergent Receptions of "De Re Aedificatoria" I, 10'. Magistrate Sherer. June 5, 2023.
• Online crimp for Alberti's buildings
• Alberti's oeuvre online